用英语介绍奥巴马
Brief Introduction
Barack Hussein Obama, born on August 4, 1961, is the junior United States Senator from Illinois and presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2008 United States presidential election.
Obama is the first African-American to be nominated by a major American political party for president and became the first African-American president in American history on November 4, 2008. A graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he became the first black person to serve as president of the Harvard Law Review, Obama worked as a community organizer and practiced as a civil rights attorney before serving three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. He taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, he announced his campaign for the U.S. Senate in January 2003. After a primary victory in March 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He was elected to the Senate in November 2004 with 70 percent of the vote.
As a member of the Democratic minority in the 109th Congress, he helped create legislation to control conventional weapons and to promote greater public accountability in the use of federal funds. He also made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. During the 110th Congress, he helped create legislation regarding lobbying and electoral fraud, climate change, nuclear terrorism, and care for returned U.S. military personnel. Obama announced his presidential campaign in February 2007, and was formally nominated at the 2008 Democratic National Convention with Delaware senator Joe Biden as his running mate.
奥巴马简介
巴拉克侯赛因奥巴马，出生于1961年8月4日，是代表美国伊利诺州的资深联邦参议员，2008年美国总统选举民主党候选人。
奥巴马是美国历史上第一位获得主要政党提名的非裔总统候选人，并于2008年11月4日当选为美国历史上首位非裔总统。他毕业于哥伦比亚大学和哈佛法学院，是《哈佛法律研究》的第一位黑人社长。在连续三届担任伊利诺伊州州参议员之前（1997-2004），奥巴马从事社区工作和民权律师工作。1992年到2004年，他在芝加哥大学教授宪法学。2000年奥巴马竞选美国众议院议员失败，2003年他宣布参选联邦参议员。2004年3月奥巴马取得初步胜利，7月他在民主党全国大会上发表了主题演讲。2004年11月，奥巴马以百分之70的选票当选为联邦参议员。
在第109届国会会期内，作为民主党内的少数族裔，他协助编纂了控制常规武器和使用联邦基金进一步推动公共问责的法律。他还对东欧，中东和非洲进行了官方访问。在第110届国会会期内，他协助编纂了关于游说和选举诈骗，气候变化，核恐怖活动以及帮助退伍军人的法案。2007年2月，奥巴马宣布参加总统竞选，2008年民主党全国大会上获得正式提名，选择代表特拉华州的联邦参议员乔拜登做副总统人选。
英文介绍奥巴马
Barack Hussein Obama II (pronounced /bəˈrɑːk hʊˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the forty-fourth and current President of the United States. Obama was the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 3, 2005, until his resignation on November 16, 2008, following his election to the presidency. The first African American elected President, he was sworn in on January 20, 2009, in an inaugural ceremony at the U.S. Capitol.
Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. He worked as a community organizer, and practiced as a civil rights attorney in Chicago before serving three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. He also taught Constitutional Law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, Obama was elected to the Senate in November 2004. Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004.
As a member of the Democratic minority in the 109th Congress, Obama helped create legislation to control conventional weapons and to promote greater public accountability in the use of federal funds. He also made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. During the 110th Congress, he helped create legislation regarding lobbying and electoral fraud, climate change, nuclear terrorism, and care for U.S. military personnel returning from combat assignments in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Early life and career
Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama
Barack Obama was born at the Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children in Honolulu, Hawaii,[4][5] to Ann Dunham, a White American from Wichita, Kansas.[6][7][8][9] Obama's father was Barack Obama, Sr., a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. His parents met in 1960 while attending the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student.[10][11] The couple married on February 2, 1961;[12] they separated when Obama was two years old and divorced in 1964.[11] Obama's father returned to Kenya and saw his son only once more before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.[13]
After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Soeharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to Indonesia.[14] There Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, such as Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School, until he was ten years old.
He then returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, while attending Punahou School from the fifth grade in 1971 until his graduation from high school in 1979.[15] Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972 for five years, and then in 1977 went back to Indonesia, where she worked as an anthropological field worker. She stayed there most of the rest of her life, returning to Hawaii in 1994. She died of ovarian cancer in 1995.[16]
Of his early childhood, Obama has recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me — that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk — barely registered in my mind."[17] In his 1995 memoir, he described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[18] He wrote that he used alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."[19] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama identified his high-school drug use as his "greatest moral failure."[20]
Some of his fellow students at Punahou School later told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that Obama was mature for his age, and that he sometimes attended college parties and other events in order to associate with African American students and military service people. Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[21]
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at Occidental College for two years.[22] He then transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.[23] Obama graduated with a B.A. from Columbia in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation[24][25] and then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[26][27]
After four years in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago, where he was hired as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side. He worked there for three years from June 1985 to May 1988.[26][28] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from one to thirteen and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000. His achievements included helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[29] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[30] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[31]
Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[32] and president of the journal in his second year.[33] During his summers, he returned to Chicago where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[34] After graduating with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude[35][36] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[32]
Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[33] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations.[37] In an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the University of Chicago Law School provided Obama with a fellowship and an office to work on his book.[37] He originally planned to finish the book in one year, but it took much longer as the book evolved into a personal memoir. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, Michelle, traveled to Bali where he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[37]
From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration drive with a staff of ten and seven hundred volunteers; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to Crain's Chicago Business naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[38][39]
For twelve years, Obama served as a professor at the University of Chicago Law School teaching Constitutional Law. He was first classified as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.[40] He also joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a twelve-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.[26][41][42]
Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.[26][43] He served from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and also from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Joyce Foundation.[26] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[26] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.[26]
Political career
State legislator: 1997–2004
Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which then spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park-Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[44] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.[45] He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[46] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[47]
Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the General Election, and reelected again in 2002.[48] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[49][50]
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[51] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[46][52] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[53] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[54]
2004 U.S. Senate campaign
See also: United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004
In mid-2002, Obama began considering a run for the U.S. Senate; he enlisted political strategist David Axelrod that fall and formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[55] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[56] Obama's candidacy was boosted by Axelrod's advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and an endorsement by the daughter of the late Paul Simon, former U.S. Senator for Illinois.[57] He received over 52% of the vote in the March 2004 primary, emerging 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival.[58]
In July 2004, Obama wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.[59] After describing his maternal grandfather's experiences as a World War II veteran and a beneficiary of the New Deal's FHA and G.I. Bill programs, Obama spoke about changing the U.S. government's economic and social priorities. He questioned the Bush administration's management of the Iraq War and highlighted America's obligations to its soldiers. Drawing examples from U.S. history, he criticized heavily partisan views of the electorate and asked Americans to find unity in diversity, saying, "There is not a liberal America and a conservative America; there's the United States of America."[60] Though it was not televised by the three major broadcast news networks, a combined 9.1 million viewers watching on PBS, CNN, MSNBC, Fox News and C-SPAN saw Obama's speech, which was a highlight of the convention and confirmed his status as the Democratic Party's brightest new star.[61]
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[62] Two months later and less than three months before Election Day, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.[63] A long-time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination.[64] In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes's 27%, the largest victory margin for a statewide race in Illinois history.[65]
U.S. Senator: 2005–2008
Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4, 2005.[66] Obama was the fifth African-American Senator in U.S. history, and the third to have been popularly elected (See Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution).[67] He was the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[68] CQ Weekly, a nonpartisan publication, characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. The National Journal ranked him as the "most liberal" senator based on an assessment of selected votes during 2007; in 2005 he was ranked sixteenth most liberal, and in 2006 he was ranked tenth.[69][70] In 2008, Congress.org ranked him as the eleventh most powerful Senator.[71] Obama announced on November 13, 2008 that he would resign his senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[72][73] This enabled him to avoid the conflict of dual roles as President-elect and Senator in the lame duck session of Congress, which no sitting member of Congress had faced since Warren Harding.[74]
Legislation
See also: List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate
Senate bill sponsors Tom Coburn (R-OK) and Obama discussing the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act.[75]Obama voted in favor of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[76] In September 2006, Obama supported a related bill, the Secure Fence Act.[77] Obama introduced two initiatives bearing his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons,[78] and the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[79] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama, along with Senators Thomas R. Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain, introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[80]
Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[81] Obama is not hostile to Tort reform and voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[82]
In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[83] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[84] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections[85] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,[86] neither of which have been signed into law.
Obama and U.S. Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN) visit a Russian mobile launch missile dismantling facility in August 2005.[87]Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality disorder military discharges.[88] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[89] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee, and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[90][91] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[92]
Committees
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[93] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[94] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[95] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before he became President of the Palestinian Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi condemning corruption in the Kenyan government.[96][97][98][99]
奥巴马的竞选和人生经历是怎样的？
奥巴马出生于夏威夷。父亲是肯尼亚一名黑人经济学家，母亲是美国一名白人女教师。父母在奥巴马两岁的时候分手，在听说父亲1982年在肯尼亚死于车祸前，奥巴马只见过父亲一次，奥巴马跟着母亲和姥姥姥爷长大。 父亲贝拉克·奥巴马是一名在夏威夷念书的肯尼亚留学生。母亲安·邓纳姆是一个白人，原本来自肯萨斯州。当邓纳姆与老奥巴马结婚时，她刚好18岁。这一段婚姻很短暂，老奥巴马离家前往哈佛大学念经济学的博士学位，就把年轻的妻子和年幼的儿子巴里(那时他才两岁)抛下了，他没有钱带上妻儿同去。毕业后，他更是带着另一名美国女人露丝回到了肯尼亚，露丝成为他的第三任妻子，因为在家乡他早已娶了一任妻子。 父亲离开了，奥巴马跟着母亲长大。邓纳姆后来嫁给了一名印尼石油公司的经理罗罗·素托罗，素托罗由于工作的关系需要去雅加达，于是，邓纳姆带着6岁的奥巴马去了印尼。奥巴马在印尼度过了四年的童年时光。 10岁时，母亲与继父离婚，奥巴马回到了夏威夷，大部分的时间他和外祖父外祖母生活在一起。邓纳姆带着她与素托罗生的女儿玛亚又回到印尼。当时，邓纳姆生活十分困难，她自己在攻读人类学博士学位，还省吃俭用供儿子读书。奥巴马老少儿童时期奥巴马一家挤在一个很小的公寓里面。奥巴马的外祖父换过多份工作，先做过家具推销员，还当过一名很失败的保险经纪。外祖母在一家银行工作。但奥巴马竟然进了夏威夷普纳后私立学校，这说明小家伙很会念书，但家里负担不轻。夏威夷普纳后私立学校是夏威夷乃至全美最优秀的私立学校，具有百年历史，学费昂贵，但凡有点钱财地位的人无论如何都是要把孩子往里塞的。一旦进去了，父母脸上有光，小孩前程似锦。 一谈到这件事，邓纳姆总是半带自豪地认为，奥巴马继承了他父亲的智慧，沿着他父亲成功的道路在走。 在2004年7月，民主党召开全国代表大会，奥巴马被指定在第二天做“基调演讲”。所谓“基调演讲”，就是民主党人阐述本党的纲领和政策宣言，通常由本党极有前途的政治新星来发表，1988年做“基调演讲”的人就是时任阿肯色州州长的克林顿。奥巴马不负众望，他亲自撰写演讲稿，并发表了慷慨激昂的演说。在演说中他提出消除党派分歧和种族分歧、实现“一个美国”的梦想。 45岁的奥巴马演说极具魅力，灿烂的笑容更虏获许多民众的心。与过去有意竞选总统的黑人前辈相比，奥巴马是首位在初选前民调获得全国性支持的明日之星，打败2008年民主党总统候选人的热门人选之一的希拉里，成为民主党总统竞选人。 奥巴马在短短两年多的时间里就已在政坛造成一股旋风，甚至有人把“奥巴马现象”拿来与前总统肯尼迪1960年挟带强大人气进军白宫来相提并论。 麻烦采纳，谢谢!
奥巴马的成长经历，要典型事迹
奥巴马:从“街头混混”到第一位黑人总统
为“信仰”而奋斗
北京时间公元2008年11月5日12点，巴拉克.奥巴马先生，率先赢得297张选举人票，当选第45届美国总统。奥巴马赢得这场历史性大选最后的胜利，成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统。
6月3日，美国下任总统候选人、伊利诺伊州参议员巴拉克·奥巴马于民主党内初选中获胜，在进军白宫的道路上迈出了坚实的一步。
作为有史以来距总统宝座最近的非洲裔美国人，奥巴马的胜利在美国政界和民间都激起了巨大的波澜，有人说他是新时代“美国梦”的代言人；有人视他为约翰·肯尼迪政治理念的继承者；更有人把他和民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金相提并论。奥巴马有着怎样的人生经历？他非凡的魅力从哪里来？对中国的态度如何？江苏文艺出版社最新推出的《奥巴马：我的梦》一书，可以让读者对这些问题有比较全面的了解。
1.三位美国总统的“远房亲戚”
奥巴马是个黑白混血儿。在自传《我父亲的梦想》中，他写道：“我的父亲与我身边的人完全不同——他的皮肤像沥青一样黑，我的母亲却像牛奶一样白——我对这一点印象深刻。”
2.“我是老师的噩梦，没人知道该拿我怎么办”
在奥巴马奋起反抗心中的自卑感和堕落冲动前，他经历过一段“街头混混”生涯。奥巴马对自己这段不光彩的经历毫不讳言。他曾经回忆说，“我在十几岁的时候是个瘾君子。当时，我与任何一个绝望的黑人青年一样，不知道生命的意义何在。”青年时代的他抽大麻，也用过古柯碱，经常酗酒还吸烟，希望这些东西能驱散困扰他的那些问题。他承认自己曾在夏威夷海滩和街头游荡、逃学，“中学时候的我是每一个老师的噩梦，没人知道该拿我怎么办。”
尽管奥巴马早已告别了曾经的放浪生涯，这段经历仍然给他的政治抱负带来了负面影响。2008年2月，奥巴马小学时代的同学、日非混血的毒贩凯斯·卡库伽瓦威胁他说，如果不给他一笔钱，就捏造关于奥巴马过去的故事，破坏他的形象。当时，47岁的凯斯刚从监狱里出来，无家可归，听说奥巴马在竞选总统，便打电话直接勒索。奥巴马对此感到异常震惊，在接受媒体采访时不无痛苦地表示：“突然之间，所有跟我的生活有过丝毫联系的人，都被放到了报纸的头版，在放大镜下被细细观察。”
奥巴马的“街头混混”生涯并非毫无意义，这段经历使奥巴马特别能理解草根阶层的需求，也让他更懂得怎样和草根阶层对话。就这样，经过一段时间的挣扎，奥巴马正式认同了自己非洲裔美国人的身份，决心痛改前非，进入哥伦比亚大学学习国际关系。
3.在哈佛收到17张罚单
本科毕业后，奥巴马曾就职于高薪的华尔街咨询公司，俨然成了标准意义上的精英。然而，一种内在的使命感让他放弃了这条人生道路，决定到芝加哥最贫困的黑人社区服务。1985年，一个民权组织雇用奥巴马为社区组织者，年薪只有1.3万美元。没想到他在这个职位上一干就是3年，改善道路，修缮房屋，协调劳资关系……
芝加哥的社区服务经历，充分锻炼了奥巴马的动员和组织能力，也令他坚定了从政的信念。为了进一步获取为公众服务的知识和能力以胜任更高的职位，奥巴马又报考了哈佛大学，在那里攻读法学博士学位。
在哈佛就读期间，奥巴马凭借过人的智慧与领导才能，当选全美最权威的法学杂志《哈佛法学评论》的总编辑。这个位置通常被视为法律专业学生毕业后进入美国最高法院当法官秘书、进而步步高升的敲门砖，也是人才济济的哈佛法学院中的最高荣誉。奥巴马也是《哈佛法学评论》104年历史上第一位争取到这个位子的非洲裔美国人。
奥巴马在读哈佛法学院时，仍然保留了早年的叛逆风格。因为违章停车，他在校期间总共收到了17张罚单，但只肯支付两张。直到准备竞选总统的两周前，他才决定把罚单全部付清。
1991年，奥巴马从哈佛毕业，稍后返回芝加哥，在那里结婚生子，在黑人社区扎根。他首先选择了一家专门受理民权诉讼的小型律师事务所工作，当了多年“穷人的代理人”，后来还在芝加哥大学法学院兼职教起了宪法学，从讲师做起，一直做到了宪法学教授。
在社区活动中，同事经常问奥巴马：“你这样有能力的黑人，那些大公司巴不得抢了你当成标榜种族平等的战利品，为什么还要留在这里浪费自己的才华？”奥巴马反问他们：“那你们为什么不在家过安心日子，却要出来找罪受？”答曰：“出于信仰。”奥巴马随即回应道：“我也是一样。”
4.“我是同胞弟兄的守护人”
奥巴马是一位虔诚的基督徒。在他看来，只有坚定的宗教信仰，才能确保自己不像某些黑人精英那样背叛穷人。20多年来，既是律师也是学者的奥巴马一直谋求美国社会的变革，喊出了社会下层民众的很多呼声，这让他赢得了大量底层平民的支持。奥巴马对政治家们老是把注意力放在富人和有权有势的人身上深为不满，他始终认为，政府的一个重要使命就是向所有国民开放机会。在公开讲演中，奥巴马特别喜欢引用《圣经·创世记》中的一句箴言——“我是同胞弟兄的守护人”——来突出自己的政治立场。
在竞选参议员时，奥巴马驱车走访了伊利诺伊州几乎所有的县城。在谈到这段让他受益匪浅的旅程时，奥巴马这样写道：“社区中心、俱乐部、教堂、工会大楼、汽车旅店、美容店，甚至私人住家的餐厅，几乎所有能去的地方我都去了；我尽量不说话，只用心倾听他们的心声，尽管有时抽空前来见我的只有令人尴尬的一两个；不管对方是喜欢拉什·林堡(著名保守派节目主持人)，还是听美国全国公共电台(自由派舆论重镇)，也不管对方是痛恨布什者，还是对民主党感到愤怒者，我都会认真考虑他们的意见。”
作为一位从社会底层逐步取得成就的政治领袖，奥巴马对于平民阶层的号召力的确不可估量。对此，代表全美180万工人利益的组织“劳工服务国际工会”曾经分析指出：“奥巴马了解工人们每天的生活，比其他政治家更愿意慎重思考该如何帮助他们解决各种困难，因此拥有许多独有的‘财富’。”
奥巴马本人对自己从事基层工作的经历也颇为自豪，始终自视为平民阶层利益的忠实代表。2004年7月，在民主党全国代表大会上的演讲中，他动情地说：“在今天这个夜晚，我知道先辈们正在星空中骄傲地俯瞰着我。”这句话透露出奥巴马的信仰：一方面，他从先辈那里汲取勇气和智慧去开拓个人的前程；另一方面，他希望重申先辈们的梦想，并通过扮演美国最高行政领导这个角色，给世界带来一个更加多元的美国，让世人看到一个重新点燃梦想、回归乐善好施形象的超级大国。
奥巴马启示录：
奥巴马都曾如此自卑，我们有时自卑很正常，最重要的是我们要把自卑当作成长的镜子，让它照亮我们前进的方向。
犯错奥巴马会被拥戴，我们犯错了也没关系，最重要的是我们能朝着更好的方向前进。
生活在底层没关系，条件不成熟没关系，只要我们心中有梦，并不断前进。奥巴马:从“街头混混”到第一位黑人总统
为“信仰”而奋斗
美国民主党总统候选人奥巴马在总统大选中击败共和党对手约翰·麦凯恩，当选第56届和44任美国总统，从而也将成为美国历史上首位非洲裔总统。 美国文化推崇传奇式的英雄人物，对一举成名，一夜致富的故事十分向往，而奥巴马正好是这种文化的典型写照。从传统看，奥巴马几乎没有当选美国总统的资格，如今他做到了。奥巴马完成了一个不可能的任务，不但让美国政治向前跃进了一大步，甚至也让美国的全球形象向上大大提升了一步。
北京时间公元2008年11月5日12点，巴拉克.奥巴马先生，率先赢得297张选举人票，当选第45届美国总统。奥巴马赢得这场历史性大选最后的胜利，成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统。
6月3日，美国下任总统候选人、伊利诺伊州参议员巴拉克·奥巴马于民主党内初选中获胜，在进军白宫的道路上迈出了坚实的一步。
作为有史以来距总统宝座最近的非洲裔美国人，奥巴马的胜利在美国政界和民间都激起了巨大的波澜，有人说他是新时代“美国梦”的代言人；有人视他为约翰·肯尼迪政治理念的继承者；更有人把他和民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金相提并论。奥巴马有着怎样的人生经历？他非凡的魅力从哪里来？对中国的态度如何？江苏文艺出版社最新推出的《奥巴马：我的梦》一书，可以让读者对这些问题有比较全面的了解。
1.三位美国总统的“远房亲戚”
奥巴马是个黑白混血儿。在自传《我父亲的梦想》中，他写道：“我的父亲与我身边的人完全不同——他的皮肤像沥青一样黑，我的母亲却像牛奶一样白——我对这一点印象深刻。”
奥巴马的父亲生于非洲肯尼亚西部尼安萨省一个牧民家庭，属于该国第三大民族卢奥族。后来因为一个很偶然的机会，老奥巴马于1960年去美国夏威夷读书，在那里与一位名叫雪莉·安·邓汉姆的女子结合，后来就有了奥巴马。
事实上，奥巴马的血统和当今美国社会一样多元化。研究者发现，奥巴马竟和三位美国总统有血缘关系：他的外祖父母的祖上来自英国、德国和爱尔兰，与前总统杜鲁门家族的祖先是亲戚；奥巴马家族和布什家族的亲缘关系可以上溯到17世纪；此外，他和副总统切尼是同一个祖先的第9代子孙。
奥巴马10岁的时候回到美国本土，上的是比较好的学校，其中白人孩子占绝大多数，只有3个黑人小孩。因为自己的肤色与大多数同学不一样，奥巴马产生了严重的身份认同危机。为了给自己寻找自信，奥巴马经常吹嘘说，自己的父亲是非洲的王子。而当生父有一天终于从非洲回到美国，应邀来学校演讲的时候，奥巴马坐在同学中间，把头埋得很深，觉得非常没有面子。同学们并未因奥巴马撒谎而嘲笑他，大家不仅对奥巴马父亲的演讲报以热烈的掌声，还称赞他的父亲“很酷”。但是，这些鼓励仍然不足以解除奥巴马对自己肤色的自卑。
不过，这种如影随形的自卑在导致沉沦的同时，也完全可能令人迸发出惊人的斗志，通过奋斗和成功来证明自己。正如当年马丁·路德·金以一句“我们黑人也是上帝按他自己的形象创造的”掀起了黑人民权运动的风暴那样，肤色自卑也导致奥巴马产生了强烈的成就欲望，并促使他从博士、教授到州议员、国会议员一路走来，最终以成为美国首位黑人总统为自己毕生追求的目标。
2.“我是老师的噩梦，没人知道该拿我怎么办”
在奥巴马奋起反抗心中的自卑感和堕落冲动前，他经历过一段“街头混混”生涯。奥巴马对自己这段不光彩的经历毫不讳言。他曾经回忆说，“我在十几岁的时候是个瘾君子。当时，我与任何一个绝望的黑人青年一样，不知道生命的意义何在。”青年时代的他抽大麻，也用过古柯碱，经常酗酒还吸烟，希望这些东西能驱散困扰他的那些问题。他承认自己曾在夏威夷海滩和街头游荡、逃学，“中学时候的我是每一个老师的噩梦，没人知道该拿我怎么办。”
尽管奥巴马早已告别了曾经的放浪生涯，这段经历仍然给他的政治抱负带来了负面影响。2008年2月，奥巴马小学时代的同学、日非混血的毒贩凯斯·卡库伽瓦威胁他说，如果不给他一笔钱，就捏造关于奥巴马过去的故事，破坏他的形象。当时，47岁的凯斯刚从监狱里出来，无家可归，听说奥巴马在竞选总统，便打电话直接勒索。奥巴马对此感到异常震惊，在接受媒体采访时不无痛苦地表示：“突然之间，所有跟我的生活有过丝毫联系的人，都被放到了报纸的头版，在放大镜下被细细观察。”
奥巴马的“街头混混”生涯并非毫无意义，这段经历使奥巴马特别能理解草根阶层的需求，也让他更懂得怎样和草根阶层对话。就这样，经过一段时间的挣扎，奥巴马正式认同了自己非洲裔美国人的身份，决心痛改前非，进入哥伦比亚大学学习国际关系。
3.在哈佛收到17张罚单
本科毕业后，奥巴马曾就职于高薪的华尔街咨询公司，俨然成了标准意义上的精英。然而，一种内在的使命感让他放弃了这条人生道路，决定到芝加哥最贫困的黑人社区服务。1985年，一个民权组织雇用奥巴马为社区组织者，年薪只有1.3万美元。没想到他在这个职位上一干就是3年，改善道路，修缮房屋，协调劳资关系……
芝加哥的社区服务经历，充分锻炼了奥巴马的动员和组织能力，也令他坚定了从政的信念。为了进一步获取为公众服务的知识和能力以胜任更高的职位，奥巴马又报考了哈佛大学，在那里攻读法学博士学位。
在哈佛就读期间，奥巴马凭借过人的智慧与领导才能，当选全美最权威的法学杂志《哈佛法学评论》的总编辑。这个位置通常被视为法律专业学生毕业后进入美国最高法院当法官秘书、进而步步高升的敲门砖，也是人才济济的哈佛法学院中的最高荣誉。奥巴马也是《哈佛法学评论》104年历史上第一位争取到这个位子的非洲裔美国人。
奥巴马在读哈佛法学院时，仍然保留了早年的叛逆风格。因为违章停车，他在校期间总共收到了17张罚单，但只肯支付两张。直到准备竞选总统的两周前，他才决定把罚单全部付清。
1991年，奥巴马从哈佛毕业，稍后返回芝加哥，在那里结婚生子，在黑人社区扎根。他首先选择了一家专门受理民权诉讼的小型律师事务所工作，当了多年“穷人的代理人”，后来还在芝加哥大学法学院兼职教起了宪法学，从讲师做起，一直做到了宪法学教授。
在社区活动中，同事经常问奥巴马：“你这样有能力的黑人，那些大公司巴不得抢了你当成标榜种族平等的战利品，为什么还要留在这里浪费自己的才华？”奥巴马反问他们：“那你们为什么不在家过安心日子，却要出来找罪受？”答曰：“出于信仰。”奥巴马随即回应道：“我也是一样。”
4.“我是同胞弟兄的守护人”
奥巴马是一位虔诚的基督徒。在他看来，只有坚定的宗教信仰，才能确保自己不像某些黑人精英那样背叛穷人。20多年来，既是律师也是学者的奥巴马一直谋求美国社会的变革，喊出了社会下层民众的很多呼声，这让他赢得了大量底层平民的支持。奥巴马对政治家们老是把注意力放在富人和有权有势的人身上深为不满，他始终认为，政府的一个重要使命就是向所有国民开放机会。在公开讲演中，奥巴马特别喜欢引用《圣经·创世记》中的一句箴言——“我是同胞弟兄的守护人”——来突出自己的政治立场。
在竞选参议员时，奥巴马驱车走访了伊利诺伊州几乎所有的县城。在谈到这段让他受益匪浅的旅程时，奥巴马这样写道：“社区中心、俱乐部、教堂、工会大楼、汽车旅店、美容店，甚至私人住家的餐厅，几乎所有能去的地方我都去了；我尽量不说话，只用心倾听他们的心声，尽管有时抽空前来见我的只有令人尴尬的一两个；不管对方是喜欢拉什·林堡(著名保守派节目主持人)，还是听美国全国公共电台(自由派舆论重镇)，也不管对方是痛恨布什者，还是对民主党感到愤怒者，我都会认真考虑他们的意见。”
作为一位从社会底层逐步取得成就的政治领袖，奥巴马对于平民阶层的号召力的确不可估量。对此，代表全美180万工人利益的组织“劳工服务国际工会”曾经分析指出：“奥巴马了解工人们每天的生活，比其他政治家更愿意慎重思考该如何帮助他们解决各种困难，因此拥有许多独有的‘财富’。”
奥巴马本人对自己从事基层工作的经历也颇为自豪，始终自视为平民阶层利益的忠实代表。2004年7月，在民主党全国代表大会上的演讲中，他动情地说：“在今天这个夜晚，我知道先辈们正在星空中骄傲地俯瞰着我。”这句话透露出奥巴马的信仰：一方面，他从先辈那里汲取勇气和智慧去开拓个人的前程；另一方面，他希望重申先辈们的梦想，并通过扮演美国最高行政领导这个角色，给世界带来一个更加多元的美国，让世人看到一个重新点燃梦想、回归乐善好施形象的超级大国。
奥巴马启示录：
奥巴马都曾如此自卑，我们有时自卑很正常，最重要的是我们要把自卑当作成长的镜子，让它照亮我们前进的方向。
犯错奥巴马会被拥戴，我们犯错了也没关系，最重要的是我们能朝着更好的方向前进。
生活在底层没关系，条件不成熟没关系，只要我们心中有梦，并不断前进。奥巴马:从“街头混混”到第一位黑人总统
为“信仰”而奋斗
美国民主党总统候选人奥巴马在总统大选中击败共和党对手约翰·麦凯恩，当选第56届和44任美国总统，从而也将成为美国历史上首位非洲裔总统。 美国文化推崇传奇式的英雄人物，对一举成名，一夜致富的故事十分向往，而奥巴马正好是这种文化的典型写照。从传统看，奥巴马几乎没有当选美国总统的资格，如今他做到了。奥巴马完成了一个不可能的任务，不但让美国政治向前跃进了一大步，甚至也让美国的全球形象向上大大提升了一步。
北京时间公元2008年11月5日12点，巴拉克.奥巴马先生，率先赢得297张选举人票，当选第45届美国总统。奥巴马赢得这场历史性大选最后的胜利，成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统。
6月3日，美国下任总统候选人、伊利诺伊州参议员巴拉克·奥巴马于民主党内初选中获胜，在进军白宫的道路上迈出了坚实的一步。
作为有史以来距总统宝座最近的非洲裔美国人，奥巴马的胜利在美国政界和民间都激起了巨大的波澜，有人说他是新时代“美国梦”的代言人；有人视他为约翰·肯尼迪政治理念的继承者；更有人把他和民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金相提并论。奥巴马有着怎样的人生经历？他非凡的魅力从哪里来？对中国的态度如何？江苏文艺出版社最新推出的《奥巴马：我的梦》一书，可以让读者对这些问题有比较全面的了解。
1.三位美国总统的“远房亲戚”
奥巴马是个黑白混血儿。在自传《我父亲的梦想》中，他写道：“我的父亲与我身边的人完全不同——他的皮肤像沥青一样黑，我的母亲却像牛奶一样白——我对这一点印象深刻。”
美国总统奥巴马简介
贝拉克·奥巴马(Barack Hussein Obama II)，1961年8月4日生于美国夏威夷州火奴鲁鲁，父亲是一位祖籍肯尼亚的黑人穆斯林，母亲是堪萨斯州的美国人。 1983年毕业于哥伦比亚大学，1985年到芝加哥工作。1991年毕业于哈佛大学的法学院，是第一个担任哈佛法学评论主编的非洲裔美国人。 1992年和米歇尔·拉沃恩·奥巴马结婚。1996年，奥巴马从芝加哥当选为伊利诺伊州州参议员并在之后的3年中连任；2000年，在竞选美国众议院议员席位失败后，奥巴马将主要精力投入到伊利诺伊州的参议工作中。 2007年2月10日，奥巴马在伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德市正式宣布参加2008年美国总统大选，并提出了重点在“完结伊拉克战争以及实施全民医疗保险制度”的竞选纲领。 2008年6月3日，奥巴马被定为民主党总统候选人；同年8月23日，在民主党全国代表大会上奥巴马被正式提名，从而成为了美国历史上首个非洲裔总统大选候选人。
美国总统奥巴马的个人简历
奥巴马（美国第44任总统）全名贝拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马贝拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马，1961年8月4日生，美国民主党籍政治家，第44任美国总统，美国历史上第一位非裔美国人总统。1991年奥巴马以优等生身份从哈佛大学法学院毕业，而后在芝加哥大学法学院教授宪法长达12年（1992-2004年）。2007年2月10日宣布参加2008年美国总统选举。2008年11月4日当选为美国总统。2009年10月9日获诺贝尔和平奖。2012年击败美国共和党候选人威拉德·米特·罗姆尼，成功连任美国总统。2017年1月20日正式卸任美国总统。奥巴马的评价：作为第一个担任美国总统的非洲裔美国人，奥巴马为美国人民树立了榜样，而他也给美国政坛带来了一种新的阶级观念。在他担任总统期间，白宫甚至连个人丑闻这样的事情都未曾发生过。在奥巴马担任总统的绝大多数时间里，白宫一直将一种成熟稳健的成年人风格展示给外界。
奥巴马的英文名字是什么？
中文名： 贝拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马外文名： Barack Hussein Obama II名字含义 英文：Barack Hussein Obama II , 也可以称其为 Barack Hussein Obama, Junior。 根据有些国家的传统，有时候，父亲会给自己的儿子取和自己一样的名字。父传子，子传孙。可以一直延续下去。为了区别，就加入罗马数字。也可称其父亲为Senior, 中文翻译为 “老”。儿子为 Junior，中文翻译为“小”。 Barack，是Swahili 的名字，来自阿拉伯语。阿拉伯语言中，词根B-R-K 代表被祝福的意思。 Hussein，是他祖父的名，来自阿拉伯语，代表 “好”，或者 “英俊的人”。 Obama，这个姓是他高祖父的名。在非洲国家肯尼亚的“Luo”部落很普遍，该部落是肯尼亚的三大民族之一。他们讲的是Dhoulou语言。在欧洲殖民者没有到来前，很多非洲文化中，很多人都是将父亲的名作为自己的姓。他高祖父为什么会有这个名，我们无从知晓。通晓Luo部落文化和语言的专家认为，动词Bam的含义是”弯曲“，他的高祖父出生的时候可能一只手，或者一只脚有点弯曲，也可能是出生的时候，臀部先出来，（英文： breechposition)。
