求高二英语语法总结(详细的)虚拟语气
条件状语从句条件状语从句分类 条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。 eg: If he doesn't hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果他不快点,他将错过巴士。( 真实) If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。(真实) If I were you,I would go at once.如果我是你,我马上就会去。(我不可能是你。非真实,虚拟语气) If there were no air,people would die.如果没有空气,人就会死亡。(不可能没有空气。非真实,虚拟语气)用法及动词形式 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况: 从句:If 主语+过去时 主句:主语+should/would/could/might+do eg: 1.If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你) 2.If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道) 3.If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水) 4.If I had any money with me,I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没带钱) 5.If he studied harder,he might pass the exam. 如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:没有努力) 6.she looked at me as if I had been a stranger. 她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。(事实:我并非陌生人) 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句:If 主语+had+done 主句:主语+should/would/could/might+have done eg: 1. If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。 (事实:去晚了) 2.If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。 (事实:没有听我的话) 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 从句:①if+主语+were to do 主句:①主语+should/would/could/might+do ②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do ③if+主语+should+do ③主语+should/would/could/might+do eg: 1.If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小) 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:不知能否下雪) 3.If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 4、 有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 eg: If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us,we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。 ②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 如: If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her,he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。 5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时,if可以省略,这时条件从句要用倒装语序,即把were,should,had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。eg: Should he agree to go there,we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。 Were she here,she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without…,but for…等 eg: But for his help,we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。 Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。 We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。 7、 有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。 ①省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。 ②省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。 If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。 8.注意,在虚拟语气的从句中,动词be的过去时态一律用were,不用was。 eg:If I were you,I would go to look for him. 如果我是你,就会去找他。编辑本段各类用法wish 后宾语从句 a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式 eg. I wish I hadyour brains. 我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你) b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:had+done eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter. 我希望我那时就知道这件事情的真相。(事实:那时还不知道) c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词:should/would(情态动词) + 动词原形 eg. I wish I should have a chance again. 我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了) (注:if only引导的感叹句和as if/as though引导的状语从句也有相同用法)目的状语从句 1、在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should + do。并且 should能省略 She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in. 她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。 He started out earlier lest he (should) be late. 他早早的就出发了以防迟到。 2、在so that,in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / could / may / might / will / would / should + do。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。 He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。其他用法 1、一想要(desire一宁愿(prefer)一坚持(insist)二命令(order. command)三建议(advise. suggest. propose/recommend)四要求(demand. require. request. ask)中,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:"should + do"。should可以省略。eg: He suggestedthat we (should) takethe teacher's advice. He insisted that we (should) takethe teacher's advice. He demand that we (should) takethe teacher's advice. He orderedthat we (should) takethe teacher's advice. insist意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气;意为“坚持某种观点,某个事实”则不用虚拟语气。 eg: He insists he is a student. 他坚持说他是个学生。 这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。 suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。 eg: His face suggests that he looks worried . 他的表情暗含着他很担心。 这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。 2、表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity等。 句型:It is.......that +主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用should+原型 或只用动词原型。 eg: Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao. It is strange that such a person should be our friend. 奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。 注:这一点还没有准确的说法,希望善心人能把这点补充完全。 3、 在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形,may/might可以省略,表示与现在相反的情况;从句用过去完成时,表示与过去相反的情况,类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。 eg: Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。(事实:他没来) Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。(事实:华佗不在世) 4、 在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为: 指现在或将来:may +do。 eg: We will finish it on time no matter what may happen. 不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。 We will find him wherever he may be. 无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚,我都会等他。 指过去:may +have done 。 eg: You mustn't be proud whatevergreat progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。 We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。 5、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为: 过去 had + done 现在 过去时(be 用were ) 将来 过去时(be 用were ) (would rather将来情况用一般过去时) eg: I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。 I'd rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。 We'd rather you went here tomorrow. 我们倒想你明天去那儿 注:注意would rather,had rather,would sooner的细微差别,可以百度一下查查。 6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do(优先使用动词过去式),即从句用虚拟过去式。 It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。 It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。 7、 简单句中的虚拟语气 (1) 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should +do。 eg: Would you mind me shutting the door? 你介意我把门关起来吗? You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。 I should agree with you. 我本该同意你的观点。(委婉的不同意) (2)表示“祝愿”时,常用may + 主语+ do。 eg: May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。 May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。 (3)表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用do。 eg: Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。 God bless us. 上帝保佑。 (4)习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。 ① 提出请求或邀请。eg: Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗? Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗? ② 陈述自己的观点或看法。eg: I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。 I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。 ③提出劝告或建议。eg: You'd better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。 You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。 ④ 提出问题。eg: Do you think he could get here on time 你认为他能按时来吗? Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗? ⑤表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:情态动词 + have done。 eg: You should have got here earlier. 你早该到这里了。 You should have returned it to him. 你早该把它还给他了。 8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科之方式状语从句词条。编辑本段虚拟语气误区 1.混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化; 2.省略if时,句子调整不正确; 3.不会去找意思中的“应该”含义; 4.陷在虚拟中出不来,把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句。 【典型例题】 1) If I had seen the movie, I ______________ you all about it now. A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told 解析:错选D。此题考查混合条件句。从句表对过去的虚拟,主句表对现在的虚拟,所以正确答案为A。 2)The volleyball match will be put off if it ___. A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained 解析:答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时,从句用一般现在时。 3)_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 解析:答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do. 4). My suggestion is that she ________ more exercise, which will do a lot of good to her. A. takes B. must take C. take D. took 解析:错选A。本题要表达“我的建议是她(应该)多锻炼,这对她会有很大好处。”符合虚拟的条件,所以正确答案为C。空前面省略了should.[1]编辑本段省略虚拟条件省略连词if 有时可将条件从句的连词if省略,但此时应用倒装句型,即把从句中的were,should,had 等提到句首: Were I Tom,I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝。 Should it be necessary,I would go. 假若有必要,我会去的。 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏,我们就准时到达了。 【注】 ① 若条件从句为否定句,否定词not应置于主语之后,而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置于句首。 ② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词: Had I time,I would come. 假若我有时间,我会来的。(=If I had time…)省略主语和动词be 若主从句主语一致,且谓语部分包含有动词be,通常可将主语和动词be省略: If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down. 要是早点儿修一下,拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)省略“it+be” If necessary,I would send more farmhands to help you. 如果需要的话,我会派更多的人去帮你。(=If it was necessary,…)省略条件从句 这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文,即省略条件从句后,所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的: I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可以亲自去看她,这样好一些。(=If I saw her personally,it would be better.)编辑本段含蓄条件句中 (1) 条件暗含在短语中。如: We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。(暗含条件是otherwise) Without your help,we wouldn’t have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。 (暗含条件是介词短语without your help) But for your help,I would not have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助,我的实验就不会成功。(暗含条件是but for your help) It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately. 不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。 (暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately) (2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如: I would not have done it that way. 我是不会那么做的。(可能暗含if I were you) I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you. 我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。(可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.) You might come to join us in the discussion. 你可以参加我们的讨论。(可能暗含if you wanted to) I would have bought the DVD player. 我是会买下那台影碟机的。(可能暗含if I had the money) But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。(可能暗含if it had not been for the storm)。
高二英语语法:高二英语语法名师讲解 虚拟语气
《高二英语语法名师讲解 虚拟语气》由英语我整理,更多请访问:https://www.liuxue86.com/english/。本内容整理时间为05月12日,如有任何问题请联系我们。
一、语气的定义和种类
l. 语气:语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2. 语气的种类
(1)陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气:表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:Open the door, please.请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你,我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功!
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你,他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:
从句
主句
与现在事实相反
动词的过去式(be的过去式一般用were)
would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反
had + 过去分词
would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反
动词过去式,should + 动词原形,were to + 动词原形
would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注:主句中的should只用于I、we,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称。
l. 表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿,一切都没问题了。
2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:If you had taken my advice,you wouldn't (couldn't) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做,你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。
3. 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would, could, might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天,我就(可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪,他们将不出去了。
4. 有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致(表示错综时间的虚拟语气),这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话,身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去,主句动作指现在) 《高二英语语法名师讲解 虚拟语气》由英语我整理,更多请访问:https://www.liuxue86.com/english/
两道高二英语题
1.D
A、B项应改为D项
本题中that和which作为关系代词引导定语从句,后面应跟不完整的句子
C项应改为to sit on,因为it和chair重复
2.C
本题考察的是状语从句的省略句
当主句和从句共用一个主语时,从句可省略主语,但谓语动词要跟着改变形式:
当主语和从句为主动关系时,从句谓语应改为现在分词形式,即动词ing形式;当主语和从句为被动关系时,从句谓语应改为过去分词形式。
这么说挺复杂,举几个例子就懂了:
主动关系 When I entered the room,I was attracted by the colorful poster.=When entering the room,I was attracted by the colorful poster.
被动关系 When the child was scolded by his mother,he cried.=When scolded by his mother,he cried.
以上两句中when也可省略
所以A项应改为When hearing the bad news ,she found her tears rolling down.
B、D项主语为his tears和从句没有任何关系,所以无论用主动形式还是被动形式都是不正确的。
高二英语选择题
1、A。
虽然没有见过change
seats
with
sb.的结构,但联想make
friends
with
sb.可知这是相类似的结构。
2、C。
would
rather
后面加动词原形是固定的。would
rather
do
sth.
句子还原为肯定句是You
would
rather
who
'go
'
with
you.
3、B。
首先theirs
和hers
是形容词性物主代词。指的是‘她们的堂兄弟姐妹’中的一个。
其次Mary
and
her
sister
应该是有相同的‘堂兄弟姐妹’的,故应该是选‘她们的’比‘她的’更合题意。
4、A。
in
the
sun
在日光下。如:Don't
read
in
the
sun!
walk
over
是到处走的意思,相当于walk
around。
5、C。
用不定冠词‘a’表示泛指。句意为‘刚才有一个Robertson先生....’
这是日常用语,经常出现。
6、A。
后面有选择的范围,用which。
7、B。
这里要看清前后句的关系再选择。
“咖啡不让我彻夜不眠”和“我不觉得对我身体有害”,应该有一个让步的关系。
“只要咖啡不让我彻夜不眠,我不觉得它对我身体有害。”
.8、B。full
grown
指的是‘成熟的’
grown成年的,用fully这个副词来形容它则应该是‘fully-grown’,要加连字符。
9、B。
前一个空是定语从句,填关系副词where。
后一个空从句意上理解,应该是有‘更多’机会。
There
are
more
chances
in
the
north.
10、D。
用when
it
is
empty放在than后面作为一个名词性的结构。
注意:这里‘it
is’可省略,变成‘when
empty’,但是when绝对不可以省略。
11、B。
这里的基本结构是use
sth.
as
sth.,把什么用作什么。
本来应该是use
some
of
the
plant
material
as
food,把土壤成分作为食物。
这里为了强调作为食物,把as
food
提前了。
其他的什么同位语的解释是不对的。同位语从句要that引出,不能省略。
12、D。
首先看句子主干,完整。.Getting
on
well
with
anyone
around
you
in
life
(....)is
extremely
difficult.
但是省略的部分没有完整的诸位结构,所以应该是同位语结构。这里有especally特指,故填the
one。
(存疑)13、D
题目看起来怪怪的。
经查阅,resist后面应该搭配sth.或doing。
所以后面应该加从句性结构,选D组成一个完整句。(好像不用虚拟语气的)
14、D。
这里的does指的是前文的receives,‘得到
,接收到’的意思。